Distribution of Mineral Resources in Bihar


Bihar is the principal holder of country's pyrite resources and  possesses 95% of resources.The important mineral occurrences in Bihar are;
  • Limestone  is found in Kaimur (Bhabhua), Monghyr and Rohtas districts;
  • Nawada district is rich in Mica;
  • Quartz/ silica sand is found in Bhagalpur, Jamui, Monghyr and Nalanda districts;
  • Quartzite is obtained from Lakhisarai, Monghyr and Nalanda districts.
  • Talc/ soapstone/ steatite is found in Monghyr district. 
  • Bauxite occur in Monghyr  and Rohtas districts.
  • China clay  in Bhagalpur and Monghyr districts.
  • Felspar is found in Gaya, Jamui and Monghyr districts; 
  • Fireclay  is found n Bhagalpur and Purnea districts;  
  • Jamui district has reserves of Gold;  
  • Granite  is obtained from Bhagalpur, Gaya, Jahanabad and Jamui districts;  
  • Iron ore (hematite) occur in Bhagalpur district;  
  • Iron ore (magnetite)  is obtained from Gaya and Jamui districts;  
  • Lead-zinc is found in Banka and Rohtas districts and;
  • Pyrites is obtained in large amount from Rohtas district;
  • GSI has carried out exploration for gold in Korwadih, Jhajha and Jamui Districts. 

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Sources: India Minerals Year Book-2013: Bihar

Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)


About Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)


  • Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services or WAVES is a World Bank-led global partnership launched at the Convention on Biological Diversity meeting held in Nagoya, Japan in the year 2010. 
  • Other partners are UN agencies, governments, international institutes, non-governmental organizations and academics.
  • WAVES aims to promote sustainable development by ensuring that natural resources are mainstreamed in development planning and national economic accounts.
  • The global partnership brings together coalition partners to implement Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) where there are internationally agreed standards, and develop approaches for other ecosystem service accounts.
  • By working with central banks and ministries of planning and finance across the world to integrate natural resources into development planning through NCA, we hope to enable more informed decision making that can ensure genuine green growth and long-term advances in wealth and human well-being. 
  • Botswana, Colombia, Costa Rica, Madagascar, and the Philippines were the initial core implementing countries with extensive technical support from WAVES. Guatemala, Indonesia and Rwanda joined WAVES as core implementing countries in late 2013. 
  • Since Rio+20, more than 65 countries have supported a communiqué that calls on governments, the UN system, international financial institutions and other international organizations to strengthen the implementation of natural capital accounting.
  • Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) is a World Bank-led global partnership together with coalition of UN agencies, governments, international institutes, non-governmental organizations and academics.
  • WAVES was launched at the 2010 Convention on Biological Diversity meeting in Nagoya, Japan.
  • WAVES aims to promote sustainable development by ensuring that natural resources are mainstreamed in development planning and national economic accounts.
  • The global partnership brings together coalition partners to implement Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) where there are internationally agreed standards, and develop approaches for other ecosystem service accounts.
  • By working with central banks and ministries of planning and finance across the world to integrate natural resources into development planning through NCA, we hope to enable more informed decision making that can ensure genuine green growth and long-term advances in wealth and human well-being. 
  • Botswana, Colombia, Costa Rica, Madagascar, and the Philippines were the initial core implementing countries with extensive technical support from WAVES. Guatemala, Indonesia and Rwanda joined WAVES as core implementing countries in late 2013. 
  • Since Rio+20, more than 65 countries have supported a communiqué that calls on governments, the UN system, international financial institutions and other international organizations to strengthen the implementation of natural capital accounting.


The Objectives of WAVES


  • To help countries adopt and implement accounts that are relevant for policies and compile a body of experience.
  • To develop approaches to ecosystem accounting methodology.
  • To establish a global platform for training and knowledge sharing.
  • To build international consensus around natural capital accounting.


Funding and Governance of WAVES


  • WAVES is funded by the European Commission, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom and overseen by a steering committee. 
  • Its work on developing a methodology for ecosystem accounting is guided by a Policy and Technical Experts Committee comprising leading experts in environmental economics, natural sciences, and national accounting.


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What is Staff Selection Commission?



About Staff Selection Commission (SSC)




Nature: Government Organisation

Official website: https://ssc.nic.in/

SSC or Staff Selection Commission is a central staff recruiting agency. It recruits staffs of Group B, Group C and Group D categories under the Govt. of India. SSC is one of the two attached office (other is UPSC) under Department of Personal and Training (DoPT).



Background of Establishment of SSC


The Estimates Committee of the Parliament, in its 47th Report (1967-68), recommended the setting up of a Service Selection Commission for conducting examinations for recruitment to lower categories of posts. Further, the Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC), in its Report on Personnel Administration advocated pooling of the requirements of non-technical posts by different Departments and selection of personnel either by joint recruitment or through a recruitment board.



It was in pursuance of this recommendation that the Government of India decided to constitute a Commission vide Resolution.No. 46/1(S)/74-Estt.(B) dated the 4th November, 1975 constituted a Commission called the Subordinate Services Commission which has subsequently been re-designated as Staff Selection Commission effective from the 26th September, 1977.

Members of the SSC


The Staff Selection Commission comprises of Chairman, two Members and a Secretary-cum-Controller of Examinations who are appointed on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the Central Government from time to time. The Commission is provided such supporting staff as considered necessary by the Central Government.

Headquarter of SSC and its Regional/Sub-Regional Offices


The Staff Selection Commission has its Headquarter at New Delhi. For smooth conduct of examinations through a large network of examination Regional/Sub-Regional Offices situated in different parts of the country for the convenience of the candidates, the Commission has been provided with a Regional set-up. At present, there are seven Regional Offices at Allahabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, Chennai, Bangalore and two Sub-Regional Offices at Raipur and Chandigarh. Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director and each Sub-Regional office is headed by a Deputy Director.

ANSWER KEY FOR SSC FREE MOCK TEST- 04


Seva Bhoj Yojna


  • The Ministry of Culture, Government of India on 01-06-2018  has introduced a new scheme namely ‘Seva Bhoj Yojna’ with a total outlay of Rs. 325.00 Crores for Financial Years 2018-19 and 2019-20 (2 Years).
  • The scheme envisages to reimburse the Central Government share of Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) and Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST) so as to lessen the financial burden of such Charitable Religious Institutions who provide Food/Prasad/Langar (Community Kitchen) / Bhandara free of cost without any discrimination to Public/Devotees.
  • The Charitable Religious Institutions such as Temples, Gurudwara, Mosque, Church, Dharmik Ashram, Dargah, Matth, Monasteries etc. which have been in existence for at least five years before applying for financial assistance/grant and who serve free food to at least 5000 people  in a month
  • Further,  such institutions covered under Section 10( 23BBA)  of the Income Tax Act  or Institutions registered as Society  under Societies Registration Act ( XXI of 1860) or as a Public Trust under any law for the time being in force of statuary religious bodies constituted under any Act  or institutions registered under Section 12AA of Income Tax Act  shall be eligible for grant under the scheme.
  • Ministry of Culture will register the eligible charitable religious institutions for a time period ending with finance commission period and subsequently the registration may be renewed by the Ministry, subject to the performance evaluation of the institutions. 
  • The details of registered institutions will be available on an online portal for the viewership of public, GST authorities and entity / institution itself. 
  • All the eligible institutions should be registered with Darpan portal. All applications along with supporting documents received from the institutions in the Ministry shall be examined by the committee constituted for the purpose within 4 weeks.
  • On the basis of the recommendation of the committee, competent authority in the Ministry shall register charitable religious institutions for reimbursing claim of CGST and Central Government share of IGST paid on above mentioned specific items.


What is Stockholm Convention?

chm.pops.int


Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)


  • The Convention was adopted on May 22, 2001 and entered into force on May 17, 2004. India ratified the Convention on   January 13, 2006.
  • The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from a class of chemicals known as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
  • POPs remain intact in the environment for long periods (persistent), become widely distributed geographically (long range transport), accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife (bioaccumulation), and have a harmful impact on human health, or on environment (toxic).
  • Under the Convention, the chemicals can be listed for complete elimination from production, use, export and import (Annex-A), Restriction in use and production for specific purpose only (Annex-B) or Unintentional production (Annex-C).
  • Till date, 26 chemicals are listed as POPs under the Stockholm Convention. As of now, India has ratified only the 12 initially listed POPs. 
[Read also about related Conventions, The Basel Convention and The Rotterdam Convention]
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What is Basel Convention?

www.basel.int


Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes


  • The Basel Convention was adopted on March 22, 1989 by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Basel, Switzerland and entered into force on May 5, 1992. India ratified the Convention in June 24, 1992.
  • The objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects of hazardous wastes including “other wastes” - the household waste and incinerator ash, wastes that are explosive, flammable, poisonous, infectious, corrosive, toxic, or eco-toxic.
  • The Convention aims towards restricting trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes and its disposal with environmentally sound management (ESM).
[Read also about related Conventions, The Rotterdam Convention and The Stockholm Convention]


Background of the Basel Convention

  • The convention was adopted in the 1980s in response to a public outcry following the discovery of deposits of toxic wastes in Africa and other parts of the developing world. These toxic wastes were imported from developed nations.
  • As environmental awareness and tightening of environmental regulations in the industrialized world during 1970s and 1980s had led to  an increasing public resistance to the disposal of hazardous wastes – in accordance with what became known as the NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) syndrome.
  • This led to an escalation of disposal costs. This in turn led some operators to seek cheap disposal options for hazardous wastes in the developing world, which was lagging in environmental awareness regulations and enforcement mechanisms.
  •  Against this background, the Basel Convention was negotiated in the late 1980s, and at the time of its adoption its thrust to combat the “toxic trade”.

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What is Rotterdam Convention?

www.pic.int



Rotterdam Convention on Hazardous Chemicals.


  • The Convention was adopted on September 10, 1998 and entered into force on February 24, 2004. India ratified the Convention on May 24, 2005.
  • The Rotterdam Convention is a multilateral environmental agreement which prescribes obligations on the importers and exporters of certain hazardous chemicals. Parties are empowered to make informed decisions about the chemicals they wish to import.
  • The Convention's objective is to promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among parties in the international trade of listed chemicals in the Rotterdam Convention, to protect human health and the environment, and to contribute to the environmentally sound use of chemicals.
  • The Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure is the mechanism for formally obtaining and disseminating the decisions of importing Parties, as to whether they wish to receive future shipments of those chemicals listed in Annex III of the Convention and for ensuring compliance with these decisions by exporting Parties.
  • As of now, a total of 47 chemicals are listed in Annex III of the Convention.  Out of these, 33 are pesticides and 14 industrial chemicals, which are subject to PIC procedures.

[Read also about related Conventions The Basel Convention and The Stockholm Convention]


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Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Vigyan Gram Sankul Pariyojana

About Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Vigyan Gram Sankul Pariyojana 



  • Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhayay Vigyan Gram Sankul Pariyojana was launched on 22 Sep, 2017 by Department of Science & Technology (DST).
  • This project will experiment and endeavour to formulate and implement appropriate Science & Technology Interventions for Sustainable Development through cluster approach in Uttarakhand.
  • DST has conceived to adopt a few clusters of villages and transform them to become self-sustainable in a time bound manner through the tools of Science and Technology (S&T). 
  • Department of Science and Technology (DST) has committed Rs 6.3 crore support for a period of three years for this project.
  • The key deliverable in this approach is to utilise local resources and locally available skill sets and convert them in a manner using science and technology, that substantial value addition takes place in their local produce and services which can sustain the rural population locally.  
  • Further, the local communities are not compelled to migrate from their native places in search of jobs and livelihoods. 
  • Once this concept is validated in the few selected clusters, it can be replicated across large number of village clusters in the country.

  • DST has conceived to adopt a few clusters of villages in Uttarakhand. Four clusters at Gaindikhata, Bazeera, Bhigun (in Garhwal) and Kausani (in Kumaon).
  • About a lakh of people would benefit directly or indirectly through this project in four identified clusters of 60 villages in Uttarakhand for pilot phase which are located at different altitudes (up to 3000 meters). 
  • As the living conditions and resources available at different altitude is relatively different, the adopted strategy would help in creating models that are appropriate for different altitudes and could then be replicated in other hill states as well.


Areas of Intervention under the Project


  • The selected clusters would be processing and value addition of milk, honey, mushroom, herbal tea, forest produce, horticulture and local crops, medicinal & aromatic plants and traditional craft and handloom of Uttarakhand.  
  • Post-harvest processing of Kiwi, Strawberry, Cherry, Tulsi, Adrak, Badi Elaichi through solar drying technology, extraction of apricot oil using cold press technology. 
  • Stringent product and process control interventions for energy and water conservation would also be ensured through this project.
  • Novel strategies for sustainable development in this ecologically fragile state are important. 
  • Practice of agriculture, agro-based cottage industries and animal husbandry in an eco-friendly manner will be emphasized during the implementation of the project.  
  • Sustainable employment and livelihood options within the clusters such as eco-tourism, naturopathy and yoga, are also planned to be promoted.
  • These clusters would act as model production cum training and demonstration centres. There is a possibility of replicating this pilot phase initiative in other hill states of the country once it is established and stabilized. 
  • Various scientific institutions would participate collectively in this endeavour to accomplish the dream of Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay  towards ‘Swavlamban’.

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Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE)


What is Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE)?


  • The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) is a joint green initiatives of five UN agencies – UN Environment, International Labour Organization (ILO), UN Development Programme (UNDP), UN Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO), and UN Institute for Training and Research.
  • PAGE was launched in 2013 as a response to the call at Rio+20 to support those countries wishing to embark on greener and more inclusive growth trajectories. 

Objective of the PAGE

  • To put sustainability at the heart of economic policies and practices to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development;
  • To supports nations and regions in re-framing economic policies and practices around sustainability to foster economic growth, create income and jobs, reduce poverty and inequality, and strengthen the ecological foundations of their economies. 
  • PAGE together five UN agencies can offer integrated and holistic support to countries on inclusive green economy, ensuring coherence and avoiding duplication.
  • PAGE represents a mechanism to coordinate UN action on green economy; and 
  • To assist countries in achieving and monitoring the emerging Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDG 8: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.” 

Background of the PAGE


  • In 2012, Rio+20 (the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development) was held in Brazil. 
  • The conference’s outcome document entitled The Future We Want was a call to action for governments, business and the UN alike to support countries interested in transition to a green economy. 
  • PAGE was created as the UN’s direct response to this call of action. Four UN organizations, including ILO, UN Environment, UNIDO and UNITAR initially joined forces to be able to provide countries with broad and tailored support.
  • UNDP joined the partnership in 2014, further increasing the partnership’s capabilities. 
  • The five agencies have previously undertaken joint green initiatives. However, this is the first time that all five partners have come together to coordinate their support, expertise and resources at the national level. 



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Indian Parliamentary Devices : Motions, Resolutions and Short Duration Discussions



What is Motion,  Resolution and Short Duration Discussion?

  • Motions, Resolutions and Short Duration Discussions are procedural devices to raise a discussion in the House on a matter of general public interest.
  • Every matter is determined in the House by means of a question put from the Chair on a motion made by a member and resolved either in the affirmative or negative.

MOTION


 Motion is a process for initiating debate in the House on any proposal submitted before it for eliciting decision on the proposal.through a motion, the House discusses a matter.


RESOLUTION


 The decision which has thus been elicited, turns the motion into a resolution or order of the house. In other words, by a resolution the House declares its own opinion.

SHORT DURATION DISCUSSION


 Short Duration Discussion is one of the important parliamentary devices available to members to draw the attention of the Government to matters of urgent public importance is to raise a discussion of short duration without a formal motion or vote thereon.

Who can move a Motion or Resolution?

  • Motions and resolutions can be moved by Private members as well as Ministers. 
  • When they are moved by the former, they are called private members’ motions or resolutions. 
  • However, Government motions get precedence over private members’ motions, on the same subject.


Statutory Motion or Resolution


When Motion or Resolution are moved in pursuance of a constitutional or statutory provision then they are called statutory motions or resolutions.


Notice, Conditions of Admissibility, Discussion on a Motion


 Notice of a motion to discuss a matter of general public interest is to be given in writing addressed to the Secretary-General. No period of notice has been prescribed in regard it should raise substantially one definite issue. it should not contain arguments............. [Read More]



A resolution can be moved by a member or Minister on a matter of general public interest. While there is no fixed day allotted for moving a resolution by a Minister, a private members can move a resolution only on an allotted day. Ordinarily, two and a half hours.......... [Read More]


 Notice, Conditions of Admissibility, Discussion on a Short Duration Discussion
Notice to raise a short duration discussion is to be given in writing, addressed to the Secretary-General, specifying clearly and precisely the matter to be raised.The notice is required to be accompanied by an explanatory note stating reasons for raising the discussion......... [Read More]


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Short Duration Discussion : Notice, Conditions of Admissibility, Discussion



  • Short Duration Discussion is one of the important parliamentary devices available to members to draw the attention of the Government to matters of urgent public importance is to raise a discussion of short duration without a formal motion or vote thereon.

Notice of a Short Duration Discussion


  • Notice to raise a short duration discussion is to be given in writing, addressed to the Secretary-General, specifying clearly and precisely the matter to be raised. 
  • The notice is required to be accompanied by an explanatory note stating reasons for raising the discussion and supported by signatures of at least two other members. 
  • The Chairman decides the admissibility of the notice. 
  • If an early opportunity is otherwise available for discussion of the matter, the Chairman may refuse to admit the notice. 
  • Notice for a short duration discussion after admission is notified in Bulletin Part-II. 
  • Names of the members who have tabled notices of the short duration discussion on the same subject including the names of supporting members are shown in the Bulletin.

Date of Discussion


  • The Business Advisory Committee normally selects the subject for discussion and also allocates the time therefor. 
  • The Chairman may allow such time not exceeding two and a half hours for holding such discussion.

Procedure for Raising the Discussion


  • After a notice is admitted and a date fixed for its discussion, the item is included in the list of business for that date. 
  • The first member or in his absence the second one and so on, in whose name the discussion stands, makes a short statement. 
  • Thereafter, members are called to speak party-wise. At the end of the discussion, the Minister concerned replies and the discussion is concluded.

  • There is no formal motion before the House nor is there any voting. The member who raises the discussion has no right of reply.

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Resolution : Notice, Conditions of Admissibility and Discussion




Allotment of a day, notice and draw of lot for Resolutions


  • A resolution can be moved by a member or Minister on a matter of general public interest. 
  • While there is no fixed day allotted for moving a resolution by a Minister, a private member can move a resolution only on an allotted day.
  • Ordinarily, two and a half hours of a sitting on alternate Fridays are allotted for the discussion of private members’ resolutions. 
  • If there is no sitting of the House on a Friday, then two and a half hours are allotted on any other day in the same week for the purpose.
  • A member who wishes to move a resolution on a day allotted for private members’ resolutions has to give a notice to that effect two days before the date of draw of lot. 
  • The draw is held about three weeks prior to this date in the Secretary-General’s Room. A separate draw is held for each allotted day. 
  • The dates and time for holding the draw are intimated to members through a paragraph in Bulletin Part-II before the commencement of the Session. The names of members from whom such notices are received are drawn by lot.
  • Members who secure the first five places in the draw are informed of the result of the draw individually in writing and they are eligible to give one resolution each within ten days of the date of draw of lot. 
  • Those resolutions, if admitted by the Chairman, are put down in the list of business in the order determined by the draw of lot.

Conditions of admissibility of a Resolution

The admissibility of a resolution is subject to certain conditions: 

 (i) it should be clearly and precisely expressed; 

 (ii) it should raise substantially, one definite issue; 

 (iii) it should not contain any argument, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations or defamatory statements; 

 (iv) it should not refer to the conduct or character of persons except in their official or public capacity; and 

 (v) it should not relate to a matter which is under adjudication by a court of law having jurisdiction in any part of India. Admitted resolutions are first published in the Bulletin Part-II for the advance information of members and Ministers.

Moving of Resolution


  • The member in whose name a resolution stands in the list of business, when called on, moves the resolution and makes a speech thereon, by a formal motion in the terms appearing in the list of business. 
  • Thereafter, amendments, if any, are moved to the resolution. Other members and the Minister concerned may then speak on the resolution. 
  • The mover of the resolution has the right of reply.
  • If the member, when called on, is absent, any other member authorized by him in writing may, with the permission of the Chairman, move the resolution standing in his name.

Time limit for discussion on a Resolution


  • The Business Advisory Committee is empowered to allot time for the consideration of a resolution. 
  • The maximum time limit for discussion on a private member’s resolution is two hours. 
  • The mover of the resolution, when moving the same and the Minister concerned, when speaking for the first time, may speak for thirty minutes or for such longer time as the Chairman may permit. 
  • Other members may take fifteen minutes each.

Withdrawal of Resolution


  • A member in whose name a resolution stands on the list of business may, when called on, withdraw the resolution in which case he shall confine himself to a mere statement to that effect.
  • A member who has moved a resolution or amendment to a resolution can withdraw the same only with the leave of the House. 
  • If a resolution which has been admitted is not taken up for discussion in the House during the session, it shall be deemed to have been withdrawn.

Lapsing of Resolution


  • In case of Government resolutions, if the discussion on a resolution is not concluded on the allotted day, it is carried on to the next allotted day in the same session. 
  • If there is no other day allotted for the private members’ resolutions in the same session, then the part discussed or inconclusively discussed resolution lapses at the end of the session and it is not carried forward to the next session, unless the House decides otherwise which is rarely done.

Repetition of Resolution

  • When a resolution has been moved, no resolution or amendment raising substantially the same question can be moved within one year from the date of the moving of the earlier resolution. 
  • When a resolution has been withdrawn with the leave of the House, no resolution raising substantially the same question shall be moved during the same session.

Government Resolution


  • There are no separate rules regulating the procedure for Government resolutions. 
  • Government resolutions are distinguishable from private members’ resolutions in two respects, namely, the origin and the ballot. 
  • Government resolutions are not subject to ballot like private members’ resolutions. 
  • Though no period of notice has been prescribed for Government resolutions, in actual practice, notices of such resolutions are given much in advance of the date on which the resolutions are included in the list of business. 
  • These resolutions, after admission, are also published in Bulletin Part-II. The time for discussion of Government resolutions is also recommended by the Business Advisory Committee.

Approved Resolution

A copy of every resolution which has been passed by the House is forwarded to the Minister concerned.

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