A MUST READ - INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION


The Indus Valley Civilization


Basic overview of this Great Ancient Civilization


Ø The civilisation existed between- 2550 BC- 1500 BC

Ø  Period of Mature Harappan Culture – 2550 BC- 1900 BC

Ø  Period of Post urban phase of Harappa- 1900 BC- 1500 BC (1200 BC at some places )

Ø  The Indus civilisation is also called Harappan because “Dayaram Sahni” in the year 1921 first discovered Harappa, which is presently situated in West Punjab province of Pakistan.

Ø  The civilisation was extended over an Area     - 1299600 Square Kilometre which was bigger than contemporary Ancient Egypt & Mesopotamia Civilisation. 

Ø  Spread over area of the Civilisation was as follows;

       North-  Manda in Jammu & Ropar in Punjab
       South-  Daimabad in Maharashtra & Bhagatrav in Gujarat i.e. up to Narmada River estuary
         East-  Bargaon, Manpur & Allamgirpur in West Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh.
       West- Sutkah-Koh & Sutkagendor in Makran Coast of Baluchistan

Ø  Chronology of events of discovery

   ·         First in 1826, Charles Manon noted high walls and towers at Harappa. He thought it belonged to the time of Alexander.

   ·        In 1872 archaeologist sir Alexander Cunningham opined that the city was more than 1000 years old.

   ·         In 1924 archaeologist John Marshal reported that he Civilisation is as old as of Mesopotamia & Egypt.

Ø  There were mainly Six important cities in Indus Civilisation Viz.

      1. Harappa                              4. Lothal
      2. Mohenjo-Daro                    5. Kalibangan
      3. Chanhu-Daro                      6. Banawali (Hisar, Haryana)

·      Of these cities, Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro were the two most important cities and both are situated in Pakistan.

·      Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro were situated at distance of 483 km & were linked with Indus River.

·      Chanhu-Daro was situated 130 km South of Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh.

·      Kalibangan was situated in Northern, Rajasthan.

Ø  The port City, Lothal was situated at the head of the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat.

Ø  The above six cities had mature and flourishing Harappan phase.

Ø  The mature phase of Harappa culture were also noticed in coastal cities “Sutkagendor & Sut-Kotda”

Agriculture & domestication of Animals


Ø  They are under Indus civilisation is not fertile today. It receives only 15 cm of rain. In 4th century BC, Historian of Alexander informs that Sindh was very fertile land.

Ø  The Indus people sowed seeds on flood  plains in November. Wheat & barley were harvested in April.

Ø  No “Hoe or Ploughshare” has been discovered.

Ø  But the furrows discovered in the pre Harappan phase at Kalibangan. They probably used wooden Ploughshare.

Ø  “Gabarband” or “Nalas” enclosed by Dams for storing water, were a feature in parts of Baluchistan & Afghanistan.

Ø  Wheat Barley Rai Peas were produced. Oil such as sesame & Mustard were also produced.

Ø  A good quality of Barley has been discovered at Banawali.

Ø  At Lothal, a remains of Rice has been found which belongs to 1800 BC.

Town Planning/Major Characteristics of Harappan Culture


Remains of Indus Valley Civilization
Ø  Use of Burnt bricks was a remarkable thing at Harappan cities. Contemporary building of Egypt used dry bricks and Mesopotamia used baked bricks.

Ø  The drainage system at Mohenjo-Daro was impressive.

Ø  In almost all cities even big houses had their own courtyards and bathrooms.

Ø  Water flowed from the house to the streets which had drains. At some places drains were covered with slabs. The streets drains were equipped with Manhole.

Ø  The city was divided in to so many blocks in almost all cities and was planned in chess board system, having excellent drainage system, pipes, pits etc.

Ø  Road cuts each other almost at right angles.

Ø  The remains of Street and drain also found at Banawali.

Ø  Perhaps no ancient people have such an excellent drainage system except peoples of Crete in Konsos.

Ø  At Kalibangan many houses had their own wells.

Ø  Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro (also Sur-Kotda and Sutkagendor) each had a citadel/ Acropolis which possibly occupied by ruling class.

Ø  The arrangement of the houses in the city followed Grid system.

Ø  Granaries were also found at Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Kalibangan.

Ø  The Indus people were earliest to produce cotton. The Greeks called it “Sindon” derived from Sindh.

Ø  They domesticated animals like Ox, Buffalo, Goats, Sheep, Pigs noticed (Cats, Dogs were also domesticated whose signs of feet have been noticed. Elephants & Rhino were well known Harappan.

Ø  Remains of Horse were reported from “Surkotda” in west Gujarat and perhaps belongs to 2000BC. In any case Harappan were not Horse Centred.


Trade, Technology & Crafts


Ø  Indus people were well acquainted with Bronze. However, Bronze was not prolific at Harappa.

Ø  For making Bronze they obtained Tin possibly from Afghanistan & Copper from “Khetri” region of Rajasthan.

Ø  Many bronze tools have been found at Harappa which suggests that Bronze smith formed an important artisan group.

Ø  Woven Cotton” has been found at Mohenjo-Daro.

Ø  They were expert in “Bead Making”. Brick laying Terracotta manufacturing, Jewellery in Gold, Silver & Other precise stones were other important occupations.

Ø  They did not use Metal Money but probably used Barter system for trade.

Ø  They used “Modern Ekka” But not that of Spoked wheel rather Solid wheel, hence, they clearly have knowledge of “Wheel & Cart”.

Ø  Harappa carried long trade in “Lapis Lazuli/Blue Stone” with Mesopotamia.

Ø  They had setup Trading Station at “Dilmun & Makan” which lay between Mesopotamia & Meluha (Dilmun = Modern Bahrain). Meluha is the Ancient name of Indus Region.

Political organisation & Religious Practices

Goddess Earth


Ø  There is no clear evidence of political organisation or unit.

Ø  Possibly, they were ruled by “Class of Merchants.”

Ø  Unlike Egypt & Mesopotamia “No Temple” has been found in Harappan culture except great Bath which was possibly used for rituals.

Ø  However, there is some indication of “fire cult” at Lothal.

Ø  In one terracotta figurine showing “A plant growing out of embryo of woman. Probably this may be Goddess Earth

Ø  They considered earth as a “Fertility Goddess”.

Ø  Harappan were matriarchies people like Egyptians.

Ø  A “male deity” has been found depicted on a Sear. The Deity has “has horned Heads” in sitting posture of a yogi.

Ø  The male Deity has been surrounded by “an elephant, a tiger a Rhinoceros and a Buffalo” below his throne at his feet “Two Deers”
Male Deity : Pashupati

Ø  The male deity is indentified as a “Pashupati Mahadev”.

Ø  Phallus worship was practiced which latter connected with Shiva.

Ø  They probably worshipped “Pipal Tree”

Ø  Animal were also worshipped “Unicorn & Humped Bull” were worshiped. Unicorn indentified with Rhinoceros. The animals around the Pashupati were also worshipped. “Humped Bulls” were favoured by Harappan.

Ø  Amulets have been found in large numbers which suggest that they believed in Evil Spirit/Ghost.

Ø  Harappan scripts were picto-graphic. 250-400 Picto graph and together 4000 script have been found.

Ø  Harappan Measurement were based on multiple of 16 i.e. 16, 64,160,320 etc. Thus they know the art of measurement.

Harappan pottery, Images & Terra cotta figurines


Ø  Pots were generally decorated with Trees & Circles made on wheels and classified as Black Painted Red ware.

Ø  The greatest artist creation of Harappan was Seals & about 2000 Seals have been found.

Ø  Image of Dancing Girl made up of Bronze has been found at Mohenjo-Daro.

Ø  Various terracotta figurine (Fire baked Earthen Clay) of Birds, Dogs, Sheep, Cattle and monkeys have been found.


Some  major City wise findings in Harappa Civilization


1. MOHENJO-DARO


Ø  Literally Mohenjo-Daro means “Mound of Dead”. Mohenjo-Daro was entirely rich in structures. Some prominent structure are; 

Dancing Girl
Ø  Great Bath whose dimensions 11.88x7.01x2.43 meters the steps at either ends leads to surface. Made up of burnt bricks cloths changing rooms was also present. Possibly used for ritual bathing.

Ø  The largest Building in Indus Civilisation was “The Great Granary” whose dimension was 45.71x15.23 meter.

Ø  A college, multi-pillared assembly hall.

Ø  Evidence of Horse comes from at superficial level.

Ø  Evidence of Direct trades with Mesopotamia.

Ø  A seal of Mother Goddess Earth.

Ø  Bronze image of a Dancing Girl.

Ø  Seal of Pashupati.

Ø  A Seal of Women Sacrifice.

Ø  Evidence Violent Death/ Discovery of Skeleton (Human).

Ø  Image of Bearded man.

2. HARAPPA


Ø  Evidence of about 200 coffin burial and cemetery ‘H’ culture.

Ø  Six small Granaries has also found at Harappa in two rows. Each having dimension 15.23x6.03, cumulatively having approximately same area as that of Great Granary of Mohenjo-Daro. The combined floor space was 838 m2.

Ø  Near Granaries of Harappa “Circular Brick Platforms” has been found, possibly used for threshing grains.

Ø  Two rooms barrack was found at Harappa possibly occupied by labours.

Ø  Evidence of Direct trade connection with Mesopotamia.

Ø  Stone symbol of Female genitals.

3. KALIBANGAN


Ø  Literal meaning is Black bangles.

Ø  A Plough field.

Ø  Wooden furrow

Ø  Seven fire Altars suggesting cult of Sacrifice.

Ø  It is the only Indus site where there is no evidence of worshiping Mother Goddess.

Ø  Kalibangan is second town of Lothal where both Citadel and Lower town were surrounded by Massive brick walks.

Ø  Evidence of two types of graves- (i) Circular (ii) Rectangular Burial Graves.

Ø  A human head with long oval eyes, thick lips receding forehead and straight pointed nose.

Ø  Seals depicting female figure b/whore male figures, fighting and with spear.

Ø  Terra cotta figure of Charging bull and terracotta bangles.

4. LOTHAL


Ø  An important trading centre for Harappan People.

Ø  Remains of Rice Husk. Rangpur near Ahmadabad were another city where Rice Husk has been found.

Ø  An artificial Dockyard.

Ø  A doubtful Terracotta figurine of a Horse.

Ø  Evidence of direct trade with Mesopotamia.

Ø  Houses with entrance of the Main streets (All other cities had side entries).

Ø  A painting on jar depicting clever fox story of Panchtantra.

Ø  A seal & a terracotta figure depicting ship.

Ø  Evidence of game similar to chess.

Ø  Instrument measuring angles 180, 90, 45 i.e. just like a modern day compass.

Ø  Evidence of Double of burial(Male & Female together)

5. CHANHU-DARO


Ø  Only Harappan city without a citadel.

Ø  Bronze figure of bullock cart & Ekka.

Ø  Small pot suggesting footprint of elephant & a dog chasing cat.

Ø  The city is also called “ Sheffield of India.”

Ø  Spears, rotors, axes copper fish hooks was found.

Ø  A bead making factory noted.

6. BANAWALI


Ø  Here two different Phase, Phase-I&II of Harappan culture is found.

Ø  This place possibly belongs to later Harappan culture.

Ø  Grid pattern of houses/Town Planning is either absent or lacking.

Ø  A high quality of Barley have been found here.

 


7. SURKOTADA


Ø  This place is situated in present day Bhuj, Gujarat.

Ø  It was an important fortified settlement.

Ø  First actual remains of Horse is observed/found here.

Ø  A cemetery with 4 pot burials with Human bones have been found.

Ø  A grave in association with a big rock, a rare finding have been found here.

8. SUTKAGENDOR


Ø  It was an important coastal town of Indus valley.

Ø  It has two fold division of the Township; The citadel & the lower city.

Decline of the Mature/Urban phase of the Harappan Culture


Ø Mature Harappan phase was declined by 1900B.C.

Ø  Various theories have been given by scholars such as earthquake, natural calamity, Aryan invasion theory, unstable river system etc.

Ø  However, scholars believe possibly flood/earthquakes is responsible for decline of this great civilisation.

Post urban/Later Harappan Culture


Ø  List of major Cities in later/post urban Harappan culture

·         Rangpur in Rajasthan
·         Rojdi in Kathiawar Gujarat
·         Dholavira in Gujarat (Kutch Area)
·         Rakhigarhi on Ghaggar in Haryana. It was Bigger than Dholavira.

Ø  This period is marked from 1800 BC to 1200 BC.

Ø  It was a Chalcolithic period in which people used stone and copper tools such as Axes, Razors, Fish hooks etc.

Ø  Prabhash Patan (Somanath) and Rangpur both in Gujarat is direct descendent of Harappan culture.

Ø  Ahar” near Udaipur belongs to Harappan culture dating back to 2000 BC to 1500 BC. Here some burnt bricks have found.

Ø  No burnt brick was found in late Harappan culture except at Bhagwanpura in Haryana.

Ø  Stray pieces of Burnt bricks occur at Ochre painted pottery (OCP) site in Bulandsahar, UP.

Ø  Nadvatoli in Malawa dating back to 1700 BC to 1200 BC belongs to Chalcolithic culture.

Ø  “Jorwe Culture” also belongs to Chalcolithic period. The site has been spread between Godavari, Tapi and Bhima River.

Ø  Daimabad in Maharashtra was largest Jorwe Settlement spread over 22 hectare having population appx.4000.

Ø  Post urban settlement was found at Swat Valley where Black Grey Ware and Black on Red painted pottery was found.

Ø  Manda in Jammu, Chandigarh and Sangoi in Punjab, Daulatpur & Mithal in Haryana, Alamgirpur & Hulas in Western UP belongs to late Harappan period.

Ø  At Daulatpur & Hulas, Harappan people started using rice.

Ø  At Alamgirpur, cotton of late Harappan period was found.

Ø  Pottery in late Harappan was found were Painted Grey Ware, Grey Ware in Punjab & Haryana. However, PGW was feature of Vedic People i.e. late Harappan pottery is found in conjunction with Vedic people.

Ø  All late Harappan sites lacks human figurine.

Ø  End of Trade in Lapis Lazuli, Carnelian Beads, copper & bronze vessel with Mesopotamia and other west Asians.

Ø  A few signs of Violence, Sense of Insecurity occurs in this period at Mohenjo-Daro.

Ø  Buried jewellery and skull huddled have been found at places.

Ø  Traces of appearance of new people/Aryans have been found in this period.

Ø  Aryans settled in land of seven rivers in Sindh, Punjab.

Ø  No evidence of mass confrontation of Harappan with Aryans have been found.

Ø  Aryans may have encountered people of late Harappan between 1500 BC to 1200 BC.

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 SOURCE: OLD NCERT, PREVIOUS QUESTIONS ASKED IN UPSC, SSC, RAILWAY, BPSC, UPPCS etc.

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